Monday 26 March 2012

Faverin 50mg film-coated tablets





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Faverin 50 mg film-coated tablets


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Each tablet contains 50 mg fluvoxamine maleate.



For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Film-coated tablet



Round, biconvex, scored, white to off-white film coated tablets imprinted '291' on both sides of the score.



The score line is only to facilitate breaking for ease of swallowing and not to divide into equal doses.



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



- Major depressive episode



- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



Depression



Adults



The recommended dose is 100 mg daily. Patients should start on 50 or 100 mg, given as a single dose in the evening. Dosage should be reviewed and adjusted if necessary within 3 to 4 weeks of initiation of therapy and thereafter as judged clinically appropriate. Although there may be an increased potential for undesirable effects at higher doses, if after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually up to a maximum of 300 mg a day (see section 5.1). Doses up to 150 mg can be given as a single dose, preferably in the evening. It is advisable that a total daily dose of more than 150 mg is given in 2 or 3 divided doses. Dosage adjustments should be made carefully on an individual patient basis, to maintain the patients at the lowest effective dose.



Patients with depression should be treated for a sufficient period of at least 6 months to ensure that they are free from symptoms.



Children/adolescents



Faverin should not be used in children and adolescents under the age of 18 years for the treatment of major depressive episode. The efficacy and safety of Faverin have not been established in the treatment of paediatric major depressive episode (see section 4.4).



Obsessive Compulsive Disorder



Adults



The recommended dose is between 100-300 mg daily. Patients should start at 50 mg per day. Although there may be an increased potential for undesirable effects at higher doses, if after some weeks on the recommended dose insufficient response is seen some patients may benefit from having their dose increased gradually up to a maximum of 300 mg a day (see section 5.1). Doses up to 150 mg can be given as a single dose, preferably in the evening. It is advisable that a total daily dose of more than 150 mg is given in 2 or 3 divided doses. If a good therapeutic response has been obtained, treatment can be continued at a dosage adjusted on an individual basis.



While there are no systematic studies to answer the question of how long to continue fluvoxamine treatment, OCD is a chronic condition and it is reasonable to consider continuation beyond 10 weeks in responding patients. Dosage adjustments should be made carefully on an individual patient basis, to maintain the patients at the lowest effective dose. The need for treatment should be reassessed periodically. Some clinicians advocate concomitant behavioural psychotherapy for patients who have done well on pharmacotherapy. Long-term efficacy (more than 24 weeks) has not been demonstrated in OCD.



Children/adolescents



In children over 8 years and adolescents there is limited data on a dose of up to 100 mg b.i.d for 10 weeks. The starting dose is 25 mg per day. Increase every 4-7 days in 25 mg increments as tolerated until an effective dose is achieved. The maximum dose in children should not exceed 200 mg/day. (For further details see section 5.1 and 5.2). It is advisable that a total daily dose of more than 50 mg should be given in two divided doses. If the two divided doses are not equal, the larger dose should be given at bedtime.



Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of fluvoxamine



Abrupt discontinuation should be avoided. When stopping treatment with fluvoxamine the dose should be gradually reduced over a period of at least one or two weeks in order to reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions (see section 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use and section 4.8 Undesirable effects). If intolerable symptoms occur following a decrease in the dose or upon discontinuation of treatment, then resuming the previously prescribed dose may be considered. Subsequently, the physician may continue decreasing the dose, but at a more gradual rate.



Hepatic or renal insufficiency



Patients suffering from hepatic or renal insufficiency should start on a low dose and be carefully monitored.



Method of administration



Fluvoxamine tablets should be swallowed with water and without chewing.



4.3 Contraindications



Faverin tablets are contraindicated in combination with tizanidine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (see section 4.5).



Treatment with fluvoxamine can be initiated:



- two weeks after discontinuation of an irreversible MAOI, or



- the following day after discontinuation of a reversible MAOI (e.g. moclobemide).



At least one week should elapse between discontinuation of fluvoxamine and initiation of therapy with any MAOI.



Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening



Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.



Other psychiatric conditions for which Faverin is prescribed can also be associated with an increased risk of suicide-related events. In addition, these conditions may be co-morbid with major depressive disorder. The same precautions observed when treating patients with major depressive disorder should therefore be observed when treating patients with other psychiatric disorders.



Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.



Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes.



Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.



Paediatric population



Fluvoxamine should not be used in the treatment of children and adolescents under the age of 18 years, except for patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Suicide-related behaviours (suicide attempt and suicidal thoughts), and hostility (predominantly aggression, oppositional behaviour and anger) were more frequently observed in clinical trials among children and adolescents treated with antidepressants compared to those treated with placebo. If, based on clinical need, a decision to treat is nevertheless taken, the patient should be carefully monitored for the appearance of suicidal symptoms.



In addition, long-term safety data in children and adolescents concerning growth, maturation and cognitive and behavioural development are lacking.



Geriatric population



Data in elderly subjects give no indication of clinically significant differences in normal daily dosages compared to younger subjects. However, upward dose titration should be done slower in the elderly, and dosing should always be done with caution.



Renal and hepatic impairment



Patients suffering from hepatic or renal insufficiency should start on a low dose and be carefully monitored.



Treatment with fluvoxamine has rarely been associated with an increase in hepatic enzymes, generally accompanied by clinical symptoms. In such cases treatment should be discontinued.



Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of fluvoxamine treatment



Withdrawal symptoms when treatment is discontinued are common, particularly if discontinuation is abrupt (see section 4.8 Undesirable effects). In clinical trials, adverse events seen on treatment discontinuation occurred in approximately 12% of patients treated with fluvoxamine, which is similar to the incidence seen in patients taking placebo. The risk of withdrawal symptoms may be dependent on several factors including the duration and dose of therapy and the rate of dose reduction.



Dizziness, sensory disturbance (including paraesthesia, visual disturbances and electric shock sensations), sleep disturbances (including insomnia and intense dreams), agitation and anxiety, irritability, confusion, emotional instability, nausea and/or vomiting and diarrhoea, sweating and palpitations, headache and tremor are the most commonly reported reactions. Generally these symptoms are mild to moderate; however, in some patients they may be severe in intensity. They usually occur within the first few days of discontinuing treatment, but there have been very rare reports of such symptoms in patients who have inadvertently missed a dose.



Generally these symptoms are self-limiting and usually resolve within 2 weeks, though in some individuals they may be prolonged (2-3 months or more). It is therefore advised that fluvoxamine should be gradually tapered when discontinuing treatment over a period of several weeks or months, according to the patient's needs (see "Withdrawal Symptoms Seen on Discontinuation of Fluvoxamine", Section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).



Psychiatric Disorders



Fluvoxamine should be used with caution in patients with a history of mania/hypomania. Fluvoxamine should be discontinued in any patient entering a manic phase.



Akathisia/psychomotor restlessness



The use of fluvoxamine has been associated with the development of akathisia, characterised by a subjectively unpleasant or distressing restlessness and need to move often accompanied by an inability to sit or stand still. This is most likely to occur within the first few weeks of treatment. In patients who develop these symptoms, increasing the dose may be detrimental.



Nervous system disorders



Although in animal studies fluvoxamine has no pro-convulsive properties, caution is recommended when the drug is administered to patients with a history of convulsive disorders. Fluvoxamine should be avoided in patients with unstable epilepsy and patients with controlled epilepsy should be carefully monitored. Treatment with fluvoxamine should be discontinued if seizures occur or if seizure frequency increases.



On rare occasions, development of a serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like events have been reported in association with treatment of fluvoxamine, particularly when given in combination with other serotonergic and/or neuroleptic drugs. As these syndromes may result in potentially life-threatening conditions, treatment with fluvoxamine should be discontinued if such events (characterised by clusters of symptoms such as hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonus, autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations of vital signs, mental status changes including confusion, irritability, extreme agitation progressing to delirium and coma) occur and supportive symptomatic treatment should be initiated.



Metabolism and nutrition disorders



As with other SSRIs, hyponatremia has been rarely reported, and appears to be reversible when fluvoxamine is discontinued. Some cases were possibly due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. The majority of reports were associated with older patients.



Glycaemic control may be disturbed, especially in the early stages of treatment. The dosage of anti-diabetic drugs may need to be adjusted.



Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting is the most frequently observed symptom associated with fluvoxamine treatment. This side effect usually diminishes within the first two weeks of treatment.



Haematological disorders



There have been reports of the following haemorrhagic disorders: gastrointestinal bleeding, gynaecological haemorrhage, and other cutaneous or mucous bleeding with SSRIs. Caution is advised in patients taking SSRIs particularly in elderly patients and in patients who concomitantly use drugs known to affect platelet function (e.g. atypical antipsychotics and phenothiazines, most TCAs, acetylsalicylic acid, NSAIDs) or drugs that increase risk of bleeding, as well as in patients with a history of bleeding and in those with predisposing conditions (e.g. thrombocytopenia or coagulation disorders).



Cardiac disorders



Fluvoxamine should not be co-administered with terfenadine, astemizole or cisapride as plasma concentrations may be increased resulting in a higher risk for QT-prolongation/Torsade de Pointes.



Due to lack of clinical experience, special attention is advised in the situation of post-acute myocardial infarction.



Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)



There is limited clinical experience of concomitant administration of fluvoxamine and ECT therefore caution is advisable.



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Fluvoxamine should not be used in combination with MAOIs (see also section 4.3 Contraindications).



Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, and to a lesser extent of CYP2C and CYP3A4. Drugs which are largely metabolised via these isoenzymes are eliminated slower and may have higher plasma concentrations when co-administered with fluvoxamine. This is particularly relevant for drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Patients should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, dose adjustment of these drugs is recommended.



Fluvoxamine has marginal inhibitory effects on CYP2D6 and seems not to affect non-oxidative metabolism or renal excretion.



CYP1A2



An increase in previously stable plasma levels of those tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. clomipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline) and neuroleptics (e.g. clozapine and olanzapine) which are largely metabolised through cytochrome P450 1A2 when given together with fluvoxamine, has been reported. A decrease in the dose of these products should be considered if treatment with fluvoxamine is initiated.



Patients co-administered fluvoxamine and CYP1A2 metabolised drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (such as tacrine, theophylline, methadone, mexiletine) should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, dose adjustment of these drugs is recommended.



Isolated cases of cardiac toxicity have been reported when fluvoxamine was combined with thioridazine.



As plasma concentrations of propranolol are increased in combination with fluvoxamine, the propranolol dose may need to be lowered.



Caffeine plasma levels are likely to be increased during co-administration with fluvoxamine. Thus, patients who consume high quantities of caffeine-containing beverages should lower their intake when fluvoxamine is administered and adverse caffeine effects (like tremor, palpitations, nausea, restlessness, insomnia) are observed.



As plasma concentrations of ropinirole may be increased in combination with fluvoxamine thus increasing the risk of overdose, surveillance and reduction in the dosage of ropinirole during fluvoxamine treatment and after its withdrawal may be required.



CYP2C



Patients co-administered fluvoxamine and CYP2C metabolised drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (such as phenytoin) should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, dose adjustment of these drugs is recommended.



Warfarin:



When given with fluvoxamine, warfarin plasma concentrations were significantly increased and prothrombin times prolonged.



The cytochrome P-450 isozymes involved in the metabolism of warfarin include 2C9, 2C19, 2C8, 2C18, 1A2, and 3A4. 2C9 is likely to be the principal form of human liver P-450 which modulates the in vivo anticoagulant activity of warfarin.



CYP3A4



Terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride (see also section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).



Patients co-administered fluvoxamine and CYP3A4 metabolised drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (such as carbamazepine and ciclosporin) should be carefully monitored and, if necessary, dose adjustment of these drugs is recommended.



The plasma levels of oxidatively metabolised benzodiazepines (e.g. triazolam, midazolam, alprazolam, and diazepam) are likely to be increased when co-administered with fluvoxamine. The dosage of these benzodiazepines should be reduced during co-administration with fluvoxamine.



Glucuronidation



Fluvoxamine does not influence plasma concentrations of digoxin.



Renal excretion



Fluvoxamine does not influence plasma concentrations of atenolol.



Pharmacodynamic interactions



The serotonergic effects of fluvoxamine may be enhanced when used in combination with other serotonergic agents (including triptans, SSRIs and St. John´s Wort preparations). (See also section 4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use).



Fluvoxamine has been used in combination with lithium in the treatment of severely ill, drug-resistant patients. However, lithium (and possibly also tryptophan) enhances the serotonergic effects of fluvoxamine. The combination should be used with caution in patients with severe, drug-resistant depression.



In patients on oral anticoagulants and fluvoxamine, the risk for haemorrhage may increase and these patients should therefore be closely monitored.



As with other psychotropic drugs, patients should be advised to avoid alcohol use while taking fluvoxamine.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



Pregnancy



Epidemiological data have suggested that the use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in pregnancy, particularly in late pregnancy, may increase the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn (PPHN). The observed risk was approximately 5 cases per 1000 pregnancies. In the general population 1 to 2 cases of PPHN per 1000 pregnancies occur.



Reproduction toxicity studies in animals revealed treatment related increases in embryotoxicity (embryofetal death, fetal eye abnormalities). The relevance to humans is unknown. The safety margin for reproductive toxicity is unknown (see section 5.3).



Faverin should not be used during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with fluvoxamine.



Isolated cases of withdrawal symptoms in the newborn child have been described after the use of fluvoxamine at the end of pregnancy.



Some newborns experience feeding and/ or respiratory difficulties, seizures, temperature instability, hypoglycaemia, tremor, abnormal muscle tone, jitteriness, cyanosis, irritability, lethargy, somnolence, vomiting, difficulty in sleeping and constant crying after third trimester exposure to SSRIs and may require prolonged hospitalization



Breastfeeding



Fluvoxamine is excreted via human milk in small quantities. Therefore, the drug should not be used by women who breast feed.



Fertility



Reproductive toxicity studies in animals have shown that Faverin impairs male and female fertility. The safety margin for this effect was not identified. The relevance of these findings to humans is unknown (see section 5.3).



Faverin should not be used in patients attempting to conceive unless the clinical condition of the patient requires treatment with fluvoxamine.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



Fluvoxamine up to 150 mg has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. It showed no effect on psychomotor skills associated with driving and operating machinery in healthy volunteers. However, somnolence has been reported during treatment with fluvoxamine. Therefore, caution is recommended until the individual response to the drug has been determined.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



Adverse events, observed in clinical studies at frequencies listed below, are often associated with the illness and are not necessarily related to treatment.
































































MedDra system organ class




Common >1/100, <1/10




Uncommon




Rare




Very rare <1/10,000 incl. isolated reports




Metabolism and nutrition disorders




Anorexia



 

 

 


Psychiatric disorders



 


Hallucination, confusional stage




Mania



 


Nervous system disorders




Agitation, nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, somnolence, tremor, headache, dizziness




Extrapyramidal disorder, ataxia




Convulsion



 


Cardiac disorders




Palpitations/ tachycardia



 

 

 


Vascular disorders



 


(Orthostatic) hypotension



 

 


Gastrointestinal disorders




Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting



 

 

 


Hepatobiliary disorders



 

 


Hepatic function abnormal



 


Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders




Hyperhydrosis



Sweating




Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions (incl. angioneurotic oedema, rash, pruritis)




Photosensitivity reaction



 


Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders



 


Arthralgia, myalgia



 

 


Reproductive system and breast disorders



 


Abnormal (delayed) ejaculation




Galactorrhoea



 


General disorders and administration site reactions




Asthenia, malaise



 

 

 


In addition to those adverse events reported during clinical trials, the following side effects have been reported spontaneously during postmarketing use of fluvoxamine. A precise frequency cannot be provided and is therefore classified as 'not known'.



Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Haemorrhage (e.g. gastrointestinal haemorrhage, ecchymosis, purpura).



Endocrine disorders: Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.



Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Hyponatraemia, weight increased, weight decreased.



Nervous system disorders: Serotonin syndrome, neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like events, paresthesia, dysgeusia, and SIADH have been reported (see also section 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use).



Renal and urinary disorders: micturition disorder (including urinary retention, urinary incontinence, pollakiura, nocturia and enuresis)



Reproductive system and breast disorders: Anorgasmia.



General disorders and administration site conditions: drug withdrawal syndrome including drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal (see section 4.6 Fertility, Pregnancy and Lactation).



Psychomotor restlessness/akathisia (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).



Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during fluvoxamine therapy or early after treatment discontinuation (see section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).



In one 10-week placebo-controlled trial in children and adolescents with OCD, frequently reported adverse events with a higher incidence than placebo, were: insomnia, asthenia, agitation, hyperkinesia, somnolence and dyspepsia. Serious adverse events in this study included: agitation and hypomania. Convulsions in children and adolescents have been reported during use outside clinical trials.



Withdrawal symptoms seen on discontinuation of fluvoxamine treatment



Discontinuation of fluvoxamine (particularly when abrupt) commonly leads to withdrawal symptoms. Dizziness, sensory disturbance (including paraesthesia, visual disturbance and electric shock sensations), sleep disturbances (including insomnia and intense dreams), agitation and anxiety, irritability, confusion, emotional instability, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating, palpitations, headache and tremor are the most commonly reported reactions. Generally these events are mild to moderate and are self-limiting, however, in some patients they may be severe and/or prolonged. It is therefore advised that when fluvoxamine treatment is no longer required, gradual discontinuation by dose tapering should be carried out (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration and section 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use).



Class effects: Epidemiological studies, mainly conducted in patients 50 years of age and older, show an increased risk of bone fractures in patients receiving Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs). The mechanism leading to this risk is unknown.



4.9 Overdose



Symptoms



Symptoms include gastro-intestinal complaints (nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea), somnolence and dizziness. Cardiac events (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension), liver function disturbances, convulsions and coma have also been reported.



Fluvoxamine has a wide margin of safety in overdose. Since market introduction, reports of deaths attributed to overdose of fluvoxamine alone have been extremely rare. The highest documented dose of fluvoxamine ingested by a patient is 12 grams. This patient recovered completely. Occasionally, more serious complications were observed in cases of deliberate overdose of fluvoxamine in combination with other drugs.



Treatment



There is no specific antidote to fluvoxamine. In case of overdose the stomach should be emptied as soon as possible after tablet ingestion and symptomatic treatment should be given. The repeated use of medicinal charcoal, if necessary accompanied by an osmotic laxative, is also recommended. Forced diuresis or dialysis are unlikely to be of benefit.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antidepressants, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, ATC code: N06AB08.



The mechanism of action of fluvoxamine is thought to be related to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibition in brain neurones. There is minimum interference with noradrenergic processes. Receptor binding studies have demonstrated that fluvoxamine has negligible binding capacity to alpha adrenergic, beta adrenergic, histaminergic, muscarine cholinergic, dopaminergic or serotonergic receptors.



In a placebo controlled trial in 120 patients with OCD, aged between 8 and 17 years, a statistically significant improvement was seen in the total population in favour of fluvoxamine at 10 weeks. A further subgroup analysis showed improvement on the C-YBOCS rating scale in children whereas no effect was seen in adolescents. The mean dose was respectively 158 mg and 168 mg/day.



Dose response



No formal clinical trials were conducted investigating the dose response of fluvoxamine. However, it is clinical experience that up-titrating the dose might be beneficial for some patients.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Absorption



Fluvoxamine is completely absorbed following oral administration. Maximum plasma concentrations occur within 3-8 hours of dosing. The mean absolute bioavailability is 53% due to first-pass metabolism.



The pharmacokinetics of Faverin is not influenced by concomitant food intake.



Distribution



In vitro plasma protein binding of fluvoxamine is 80%. Volume of distribution in humans is 25 l/kg.



Metabolism



Fluvoxamine undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver. Although CYP2D6 is in vitro the main isoenzyme involved in fluvoxamine's metabolism, plasma concentrations in poor metabolisers for CYP2D6 are not much higher than those in extensive metabolisers.



The mean plasma half-life is approximately 13-15 hours after a single dose and slightly longer (17-22 hours) during repeated dosing, when steady-state plasma levels are usually achieved within 10-14 days.



Fluvoxamine undergoes extensive hepatic transformation, mainly via oxidative demethylation, into at least nine metabolites, which are excreted by the kidneys. The two major metabolites showed negligible pharmacological activity. The other metabolites are not expected to be pharmacologically active. Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2 and a moderate inhibitor of CYP2C and CYP3A4, with only marginal inhibitory effects on CYP2D6.



Fluvoxamine displays linear single-dose pharmacokinetics. Steady-state concentrations are higher than calculated from single-dose data, and are disproportionately higher at higher daily doses.



Special Patients groups



The pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine is similar in healthy adults, elderly patients, and patients with renal insufficiency. The metabolism of fluvoxamine is impaired in patients with liver disease.



Steady-state plasma concentrations of fluvoxamine were twice as high in children (aged 6-11) as in adolescents (aged 12-17). Plasma concentrations in adolescents are similar to those in adults.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



There is no evidence of carcinogenicity or mutagenicity with fluvoxamine.



Reproductive toxicity studies in rats have shown that fluvoxamine impairs male and female fertility (reduced sperm counts, increased ovary weights and reduced fertility), and is embryotoxic (increased embryofetal death [resorptions], increased fetal eye abnormalities [folded retina], reduced fetal weights and delayed ossification). The effects on fetal weights and ossification are likely to be secondary to maternal toxicity (reduced maternal bodyweight and bodyweight gain). The safety margin for reproductive toxicity is unknown.



The potential for abuse, tolerance and physical dependence has been studied in a non-human primate model. No evidence of dependency phenomena was found.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Tablet cores:



Mannitol



Maize starch



Pregelatinised starch



Sodium stearyl fumarate



Colloidal anhydrous silica



Film-coat:



Hypromellose



Macrogol 6000



Talc



Titanium Dioxide E171



6.2 Incompatibilities



Not applicable.



6.3 Shelf Life



3 years.



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Do not store above 25°C.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



PVC/PVdC/Aluminium press-through blister.



Pack sizes: 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60, 90, 100 and 250 tablets.



Not all pack sizes may be marketed.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



No special requirements.



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Abbott Healthcare Products Limited



Mansbridge Road



West End



Southampton



SO18 3JD



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 00512/0070



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



Date of last renewal: 21/06/2009



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



June 2011




Tuesday 20 March 2012

Cardura XL



doxazosin mesylate

Dosage Form: tablet, multilayer, extended release
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

Indications and Usage for Cardura XL


CARDURA® XL (doxazosin mesylate extended release tablets) is indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).


Cardura XL is not indicated for the treatment of hypertension.



Cardura XL Dosage and Administration



General Dosing Information


The initial dose of Cardura XL, 4 mg given once daily, should be administered with breakfast. Depending on the patient's symptomatic response and tolerability, the dose may be increased to 8 mg, the maximum recommended dose. The recommended titration interval is 3–4 weeks. If Cardura XL administration is discontinued for several days, therapy should be restarted using the 4 mg once daily dose. Tablets should be swallowed whole, and must not be chewed, divided, cut, or crushed.



Patients Switching from CARDURA to Cardura XL


If switching from CARDURA immediate-release (IR) to Cardura XL, therapy should be initiated with the lowest dose (4 mg once daily). Prior to starting therapy with Cardura XL, the final evening dose of CARDURA should not be taken.



Concomitant Administration with PDE-5 Inhibitors


Concomitant administration of Cardura XL with a PDE-5 inhibitor can result in additive blood pressure lowering effects and symptomatic hypotension; therefore, PDE-5 inhibitor therapy should be initiated at the lowest dose in patients taking Cardura XL.



Dosage Forms and Strengths


White, round, film-coated tablets containing 4 mg and 8 mg doxazosin mesylate.



Contraindications


Cardura XL is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to doxazosin, other quinazolines (e.g., prazosin, terazosin), or any of the inert ingredients. Allergic reactions to doxazosin and other quinazolines have included skin rash, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, and respiratory symptoms [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].



Warnings and Precautions



Postural Hypotension


Postural hypotension with or without symptoms (e.g., dizziness) may develop within a few hours following administration of Cardura XL. However, infrequently, symptomatic postural hypotension has also been reported later than a few hours after dosing. As with other alpha-blockers, there is a potential for syncope, especially after the initial dose or after an increase in dosage strength. Patients should be warned of the possible occurrence of such events and should avoid situations where injury could result should syncope occur. Care should be taken when Cardura XL is administered to patients with symptomatic hypotension or patients who have had a hypotensive response to other medications.



Cataract Surgery


Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) has been observed during cataract surgery in some patients on or previously treated with alpha1 blockers. This variant of small pupil syndrome is characterized by the combination of a flaccid iris that billows in response to intraoperative irrigation currents, progressive intraoperative miosis despite preoperative dilation with standard mydriatic drugs, and potential prolapse of the iris toward the phacoemulsification incisions. The patient's surgeon should be prepared for possible modifications to their surgical technique, such as the utilization of iris hooks, iris dilator rings, or viscoelastic substances. There does not appear to be a benefit from stopping alpha1 blocker therapy prior to cataract surgery.



Gastrointestinal Disorders


As with any other non-deformable material, caution should be used when administering Cardura XL to patients with preexisting severe gastrointestinal narrowing (pathologic or iatrogenic). There have been rare reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures in association with the ingestion of another drug in this non-deformable extended release formulation. Markedly increased GI retention times, as may occur in patients with chronic constipation, can increase systemic exposure to doxazosin and thereby potentially increase adverse reactions.



Prostate Cancer


Carcinoma of the prostate causes many of the same symptoms associated with BPH and the two disorders frequently co-exist. Carcinoma of the prostate should therefore be ruled out prior to commencing therapy with Cardura XL.



PDE-5 Inhibitors


Concomitant administration of Cardura XL with a PDE-5 inhibitor can result in additive blood pressure lowering effects and symptomatic hypotension. Pharmacodynamic interactions between Cardura XL and antihypertensive medications or other vasodilating agents have not been determined.



Patients with Hepatic Impairment


Cardura XL is not recommended for patients with severe hepatic impairment and should be administered with caution to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].



Patients with Coronary Insufficiency


Patients with congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, or acute myocardial infarction within the last 6 months were excluded from the Phase 3 studies. If symptoms of angina pectoris should newly appear or worsen, Cardura XL should be discontinued.



CYP 3A4 Inhibitors


Caution should be exercised when concomitantly administering Cardura XL with a strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor, such as atanazavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, or voriconazole.



Adverse Reactions



Clinical Trials Experience


Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.


The incidence of adverse reactions was derived from two controlled efficacy and safety trials involving 1473 BPH patients. In Study 1, Cardura XL (n=317) was compared to doxazosin IR tablets (n=322) and to placebo (n=156). In Study 2, Cardura XL (n=350) was compared just to doxazosin IR tablets (n=330). In both of these studies, Cardura XL was initiated at a dose of 4 mg, which could be increased by the investigator to 8 mg after seven weeks if an adequate response was not seen [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Similarly, doxazosin IR was begun at a dose of 1 mg, which was increased in all patients to 2 mg after 1 week, followed by the option to increase to 4 mg after 4 weeks, and 8 mg after 7 weeks.


The most commonly reported adverse reactions leading to discontinuation in the Cardura XL group were: dizziness, dyspnea, asthenia, headache, hypotension, postural hypotension, and somnolence. The rates of discontinuation for adverse reactions were 6%, 7% and 3% in the Cardura XL, doxazosin IR, and placebo groups, respectively.


Table 1 lists the incidence rates of adverse reactions derived from all reported adverse events in the two controlled studies (Studies 1 and 2) combined, at a rate greater than placebo and in 1% or more of patients treated with Cardura XL.




























































































TABLE 1 Adverse Reactions, Derived from All Adverse Events Exceeding Placebo Rate and Occurring in ≥1% of BPH Patients Treated with Cardura XL
Body SystemCardura XL

(N = 666)
Doxazosin IR

(N = 651)
Placebo

(N = 156)
BODY AS A WHOLE
  Abdominal Pain1.8%2.3%0.6%
  Asthenia3.9%6.9%1.3%
  Headache6.0%5.1%4.5%
CARDIOVASCULAR
  Hypotension1.7%1.8%0.0%
  Postural Hypotension1.2%2.2%0.6%
DIGESTIVE
  Dyspepsia1.4%1.2%0.0%
  Nausea1.2%2.3%0.6%
MUSCULOSKELETAL
  Myalgia1.4%0.5%0.0%
NERVOUS
  Dizziness5.3%9.1%1.9%
  Somnolence1.5%1.2%0.0%
  Vertigo1.5%4.1%0.6%
RESPIRATORY
  Dyspnea1.2%1.2%0.0%
  Respiratory Tract Infection4.8%4.5%1.9%
UROGENITAL
  Urinary Tract Infection1.4%0.8%0.6%

Additional adverse events reported with Cardura XL, reported by less than 1% of patients, and those of clinical interest include: Cardiovascular System: angina pectoris, syncope, tachycardia, chest pain, palpitations; Digestive System: diarrhea; Musculoskeletal System: arthralgia; Nervous System: libido decreased; Urogenital System: impotence, dysuria.


In general, the adverse events reported in the open-label safety extension, in approximately 295 BPH patients treated for up to 37 weeks, were similar in type and frequency to the events described above in the controlled trials.



Postmarketing Experience


The following adverse events have been identified during post-approval use of doxazosin IR. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.


Autonomic Nervous System: priapism; Cardiovascular System: cerebrovascular accidents, dizziness postural, myocardial infarction; Central and Peripheral Nervous System: hypoesthesia, paresthesia; Endocrine System: gynecomastia; Gastrointestinal System: vomiting; General Body System: fatigue, hot flushes, malaise; Heart Rate/Rhythm: bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias; Hematopoietic: leukopenia, purpura, thrombocytopenia; Liver/Biliary System: abnormal liver function tests, hepatitis, hepatitis cholestatic, jaundice; Musculoskeletal System: muscle cramps, muscle weakness; Psychiatric: agitation, anorexia, nervousness; Respiratory System: bronchospasm aggravated; Skin Disorders: alopecia, urticaria, skin rash, pruritus; Special Senses: blurred vision, Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]; Urinary System: hematuria, micturition disorder, micturition frequency, nocturia, polyuria.


There have been rare reports of gastrointestinal irritation and gastrointestinal bleeding with use of another drug in this non-deformable sustained release formulation, although causal relationship to the drug is uncertain.



Drug Interactions



CYP 3A4 Inhibitors


No in vivo drug interaction studies were conducted with Cardura XL.


In vitro studies suggest that doxazosin is a substrate of CYP 3A4. Caution should be exercised when concomitantly administering Cardura XL with a strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor, such as atanazavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, or voriconazole [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].



Antihypertensive Medications


Pharmacodynamic interactions between Cardura XL and antihypertensive medications or other vasodilating agents have not been determined.



PDE-5 Inhibitors


Concomitant administration of Cardura XL with a PDE-5 inhibitor can result in additive blood pressure lowering effects and symptomatic hypotension [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].



USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS



Pregnancy



Pregnancy Category C: Cardura XL is not indicated for use in women. Doxazosin base was found to cross the placenta following oral administration to pregnant rats, resulting in fetal exposure. There was no evidence of teratogenicity or embryotoxicity in rat or rabbit fetuses at exposures 32- and 13- fold greater than the AUC values for doxazosin base in men given the maximum recommended human dose (MHRD) of 8 mg Cardura XL. Maternal rat and rabbit doses were 20 mg/kg/day or 41 mg/kg/day doxazosin base, respectively, administered during major organ development. Embryolethality was observed in rabbits at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day of doxazosin mesylate when administered during major organ development. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.



Nonteratogenic Effects: In pre- and postnatal development studies in rats, postnatal development was delayed, as evidenced by body weight gain suppression and a slight delay in the appearance of developmental anatomical landmarks and reflexes at a doxazosin base exposure of 26-fold above the human exposure (AUC) at the MHRD of 8 mg Cardura XL.



Nursing Mothers


Doxazosin base was secreted into the milk in lactating rats at concentrations approximately 20-fold above the exposure found in the maternal plasma following an oral dose of 1 mg/kg. It is not known if doxazosin is excreted in human breast milk. Use of Cardura XL in nursing mothers is not recommended.



Pediatric Use


The safety and effectiveness of Cardura XL in pediatric patients have not been established.



Geriatric Use


The incidence of hypotension with Cardura XL use appears to be age related and more prevalent in patients 70 years or older. At steady state, increases of 27% in maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and 34% in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were seen in the elderly (>65 years old) compared to the young [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].


Of the 666 patients with BPH who received Cardura XL in the two controlled clinical efficacy and safety studies, 325 patients (49%) were 65 years of age or older. One hundred thirty-six patients treated with Cardura XL (20%) were >70 years of age.


In these two studies, the cumulative incidence of hypotension appeared to be age related. The reason for an increased incidence of hypotension in patients older than 70 years of age may be related to a modest increase in systemic exposure to doxazosin [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], to an increased propensity to orthostasis in the elderly, or to an enhanced sensitivity to vasodilatory agents in the elderly. The incidence of hypotension reported as an adverse reaction was higher in patients 70 years of age and older (4/136; 2.9%) as compared to patients < 70 years of age (7/530; 1.3%).



Hepatic Impairment


Since there is no clinical experience in patients with severe hepatic impairment, use in these patients is not recommended. Cardura XL should be administered with caution to patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].



Overdosage


There is no experience with Cardura XL overdosage. Overdosage experience with the doxazosin IR is limited. Two adolescents who each intentionally ingested 40 mg doxazosin IR with diclofenac or paracetamol were treated with gastric lavage with activated charcoal and made full recoveries. A two-year-old child who accidentally ingested 4 mg doxazosin IR was treated with gastric lavage and remained normotensive during the five-hour emergency room observation period. A six-month-old child accidentally received a crushed 1 mg tablet of doxazosin IR and was reported to have been drowsy. A 32-year-old female with chronic renal failure, epilepsy, and depression intentionally ingested 60 mg doxazosin IR (blood level 0.9 µg/mL; normal values in hypertensives=0.02 µg/mL); death was attributed to a grand mal seizure resulting from hypotension. A 39-year-old female who ingested 70 mg doxazosin IR, alcohol, and Dalmane® (flurazepam) developed hypotension which responded to fluid therapy.


The most likely manifestation of overdosage would be hypotension, for which the usual treatment would be intravenous infusion of fluid, keeping the patient in the supine position, and in certain circumstances, the administration of vasopressors. As doxazosin is highly protein bound, dialysis would not be indicated.



Cardura XL Description


Cardura XL contains doxazosin mesylate which is a quinazoline compound with the chemical name 1-(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-quinazolinyl)-4-(1,4-benzodioxan-2-ylcarbonyl) piperazine methanesulfonate. The empirical formula for doxazosin mesylate is C23H25N5O5 • CH4O3S and the molecular weight is 547.6. It has the following structure:



Cardura XL is an extended release tablet for oral use and is designed to deliver 4 or 8 mg of doxazosin as the free base. Each 4 and 8 mg tablet contains 5.1 and 10.2 mg doxazosin mesylate (includes a 5% overage) to provide 4 and 8 mg doxazosin as a free base, respectively. The inactive ingredients for Cardura XL are: polyethylene oxide, sodium chloride, hypromellose, red ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose acetate, Macrogol®, pharmaceutical glaze, and black iron oxide.



Cardura XL System Components and Performance


Cardura XL is similar in appearance to a conventional tablet. It consists, however, of an osmotically active drug core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane. The core itself is divided into two layers: an "active" layer containing the drug, and a "push" layer containing pharmacologically inert (but osmotically active) components. The membrane surrounding the tablet is permeable to water, but not to drug or osmotic excipients. As water from the gastrointestinal tract enters the tablet, pressure increases in the osmotic layer and "pushes" against the drug layer, resulting in the release of drug through a small, laser-drilled orifice in the membrane on the drug side of the tablet.


Cardura XL utilizes GITS (Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System) which is designed to provide a controlled rate of delivery of doxazosin into the gastrointestinal lumen which is independent of pH or gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The function of Cardura XL depends upon the existence of an osmotic gradient between the contents of the bi-layer core and fluid in the GI tract. Drug delivery is essentially constant as long as the osmotic gradient remains constant, and then gradually falls to zero. The biologically inert components of the tablet remain intact during GI transit and are eliminated in the feces as an insoluble shell.



Cardura XL - Clinical Pharmacology



Mechanism of Action


The symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), such as urinary frequency, nocturia, weak stream, hesitancy, and incomplete emptying are related to two components, anatomical (static) and functional (dynamic). The static component is related to an increase in prostate size caused, in part, by a proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the prostatic stroma. However, the severity of BPH symptoms and the degree of urethral obstruction do not correlate well with the size of the prostate. The dynamic component of BPH is associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the prostate and bladder neck. The degree of tone in this area is mediated by the alpha1 adrenoceptor, which is present in high density in the prostatic stroma, prostatic capsule, and bladder neck. Blockade of the alpha1 receptor decreases urethral resistance and may relieve the BPH symptoms and improve urine flow. Doxazosin mesylate is a selective inhibitor of the alpha1-subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors. In the human prostate, doxazosin mesylate antagonizes phenylephrine (alpha1 agonist)-induced contractions, in vitro, and binds with high affinity to the alpha1A adrenoceptor.



Pharmacodynamics


Administration of Cardura XL to patients with symptomatic BPH resulted in a statistically significant improvement in maximum urinary flow rate [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].



Pharmacokinetics


The pharmacokinetics of Cardura XL is different from that of doxazosin IR. Cardura XL provides a controlled release of doxazosin over a 24-hour period.



Absorption: Pharmacokinetic parameters describing absorption following 4 and 8 mg Cardura XL daily doses are reported in Table 2 below. The relative bioavailability of Cardura XL compared with doxazosin IR was 54% at the 4 mg dose and 59% for the 8 mg dose.















TABLE 2 Mean (±SD) Plasma Concentration of Doxazosin at Steady State in Healthy Volunteers: Pharmacokinetic Parameters
ParameterCardura XL

(4 mg)
Cardura XL

(8 mg)
Cmax (ng/mL)10.1 ± 5.625.8 ± 12.1
AUC(0 – ∞)183 ± 85.5472 ± 170.8
Tmax (h)8 ± 3.79 ± 4.7

Food Effect: As illustrated in Figure 1, the plasma Cmax and AUC were approximately 32% and 18% higher, respectively, after Cardura XL was administered in the fed state compared with the fasted state. In order to provide the most consistent exposure, Cardura XL should be administered with breakfast [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].




GI Retention Time Effect: Markedly reduced GI retention times (e.g., short bowel syndrome) may influence the pharmacokinetics of Cardura XL and possibly result in lower plasma concentrations. Conversely, markedly prolonged GI retention times (e.g., chronic constipation) can increase systemic exposure to doxazosin and potentially result in increased adverse reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].



Distribution: At the plasma concentrations achieved by therapeutic doses, approximately 98% of the circulating drug is bound to plasma proteins.



Metabolism: Doxazosin is extensively metabolized in the liver. In vitro studies suggest that the primary pathway for elimination is via CYP 3A4; however, CYP 2D6 and CYP 2C19 metabolic pathways also exist to a lesser extent. No in vivo drug interaction studies have been performed with Cardura XL. Although several active metabolites of doxazosin have been identified, the pharmacokinetics of these metabolites has not been characterized [see Drug Interactions (7)].



Excretion: In a study of two subjects administered radiolabeled doxazosin IR 2 mg orally and 1 mg intravenously on two separate occasions, approximately 63% of the dose was eliminated in the feces and 9% of the dose was found in the urine. On average, only 4.8% of the dose was excreted as unchanged drug in the feces and only a trace of the total radioactivity in the urine was attributed to unchanged drug. The apparent elimination half-life of Cardura XL is 15–19 hours.



Drug-Drug Interactions


No in vivo drug-drug interaction studies have been performed to assess the effect of concomitant medications on the pharmacokinetics of Cardura XL or to assess the effect of Cardura XL on the pharmacokinetics of other drugs. In vitro studies suggest that doxazosin is a substrate of CYP 3A4. Caution should be exercised when concomitantly administering Cardura XL with a strong CYP 3A4 inhibitor, such as atanazavir, clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, or voriconazole


In one placebo-controlled trial in normal volunteers, the administration of a single 1 mg dose of doxazosin IR on day 1 of a four day regimen of cimetidine (400 mg twice daily) resulted in a 10% increase in the mean AUC of doxazosin, a 6% increase in mean Cmax of doxazosin, and no significant change in mean half-life of doxazosin. Based upon the differences in dose and formulation, the applicability of these results to Cardura XL is unknown. Otherwise, the interaction potential with other inhibitors or substrates of CYP enzymes has not been determined. Pharmacodynamic interactions between Cardura XL and anti-hypertensive medications or other vasodilating agents have also not been determined. Finally, drugs which reduce gastrointestinal motility leading to markedly prolonged GI retention times (e.g., anticholinergic agents) may increase systemic exposure to doxazosin.



Use in Specific Populations



Geriatric: In a study to assess the effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of Cardura XL, increases of 27% in plasma Cmax and 34% in the plasma AUC were seen at steady state in the elderly (>65 years old) compared to the young [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].



Hepatic Impairment: Administration of a single 2 mg dose of doxazosin IR to patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A) showed a 40% increase in exposure to doxazosin compared to patients without hepatic impairment. No studies have been performed to assess the effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of Cardura XL. Use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. Cardura XL should be administered with caution to patients with evidence of mild or moderately impaired hepatic function or to patients receiving drugs known to influence hepatic metabolism.



Nonclinical Toxicology



Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility



Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis: Doxazosin mesylate was not carcinogenic to rats or mice when administered daily for 2 years at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day or 120 mg/kg/day, respectively. Systemic drug exposures, as measured by AUC, were approximately 34-fold in rats and 16-fold in mice above the exposures at the maximum human recommended dose (MHRD) of 8 mg Cardura XL.


Doxazosin base was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial Ames assays, the chromosomal aberration assay in human lymphocytes, or the mouse lymphoma assay. Doxazosin was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. Doxazosin mesylate has not been evaluated for genotoxicity.



Fertility in Males: Studies in rats after oral administration of doxazosin base showed reduced fertility in males, which was reversible after two weeks of treatment termination at doxazosin base exposure of 13-fold above the human exposure (AUC) at the MHRD of 8 mg Cardura XL. There have been no reports of any effects of doxazosin on male fertility in humans.



Cardiac Toxicity in Animals


Studies in Sprague-Dawley rats after 6, 12, and 18 months, and in CD-1 mice after 18 months of dietary administration, showed an increased incidence of myocardial necrosis or fibrosis at doxazosin base exposure of 26-fold above the human exposure (AUC) at the MHRD of 8 mg Cardura XL. No cardiotoxicity was observed in dogs or Wistar rats after 12 months of oral dosing at doxazosin base exposures of 65- and 85-fold, respectively, above the human exposure (Cmax) at the MHRD of 8 mg Cardura XL. There is no evidence that similar lesions occur in humans.



Clinical Studies



Studies in Patients with BPH


Two controlled clinical studies were conducted with Cardura XL in BPH patients, followed by an open-label extension study. Study 1 was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo- and active-controlled study that compared the safety and efficacy of Cardura XL (4 or 8 mg/day) with that of doxazosin IR (1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/day) and placebo over 13 weeks in 795 BPH patients, of whom 317 were randomized to Cardura XL. Study 2 was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled study that compared the safety and efficacy of Cardura XL (4 or 8 mg/day) with that of doxazosin IR (1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/day) over 13 weeks in 680 BPH patients, of whom 350 were randomized to Cardura XL.


In both studies, men aged 50–80 years with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled. Symptomatic BPH was defined as a total score of at least 12 points on the 35-point International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and a maximum urinary flow rate of ≤ 15 mL/sec but no less than 5 mL/sec (total voided volume ≥ 150 mL). In these two studies, conducted in a total of 1475 patients, the mean age was 64 years (range 47–83 years). Patients were Caucasian (96%), Black (1.5%), Asian (1.5%), and of Other ethnicity (1%).


In both studies, Cardura XL dosing was initiated after a 2 week placebo run-in period at 4 mg per day increasing to 8 mg per day after 7 weeks of treatment if adequate response (defined as having both an increase in maximum urinary flow rate of at least 3 mL/sec and a decrease in total IPSS of at least 30% from baseline) was not seen. Doxazosin IR was titrated from an initial dose of 1 mg daily to 2 mg daily after 1 week with the option to increase to 4 mg daily after 3 weeks and then to a maximum of 8 mg daily after 7 weeks if an adequate response was not seen. The final daily dose of Cardura XL was 4 mg in 43% of patients and 8 mg in 57% of patients. The final daily dose of doxazosin IR was 1 mg in 1%, 2 mg in 12%, 4 mg in 30%, and 8 mg in 57% of patients.


There were two primary efficacy variables in each of these two controlled clinical studies: the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the peak urinary flow rate (Qmax). The IPSS consists of seven questions that assess the severity of both irritative (frequency, urgency, nocturia) and obstructive (incomplete emptying, stopping and starting, weak stream, and pushing or straining) symptoms, with possible total scores ranging from 0 to 35. The Qmax was measured in both studies just prior to the next dose. The results for total symptom score are given in Table 3, and for maximum urinary flow rate in Table 4.




































TABLE 3 TOTAL INTERNATIONAL PROSTATE SYMPTOM SCORE (IPSS)*
NMEAN

BASELINE (±SD)
MEAN CHANGE (±SE)

*

Derived from IPSS questionnaire (range 0–35)


Mean change from baseline to Week 13


Statistically significant difference (p <0.001) vs. placebo

STUDY 1
Placebo15117.9 ± 4.3-6.1 ± 0.41
Cardura XL31017.7 ± 4.3-8.0 ± 0.30
Doxazosin IR31117.8 ± 4.5-8.4 ± 0.29
STUDY 2
Cardura XL33018.4 ± 5.0-8.1 ± 0.30
Doxazosin IR31318.4 ± 4.8-7.9 ± 0.31


































TABLE 4 MAXIMUM FLOW RATE (mL/sec)
NMEAN

BASELINE (±SD)
MEAN CHANGE (±SE)*

*

Mean change from baseline to Week 13


Statistically significant difference (p <0.001) vs. placebo

STUDY 1
Placebo1519.8 ± 2.60.8 ± 0.32
Cardura XL30010.3 ± 2.62.6 ± 0.24
Doxazosin IR30310.1 ± 2.72.2 ± 0.23
STUDY 2
Cardura XL32210.5 ± 2.62.7 ± 0.27
Doxazosin IR31410.6 ± 2.62.7 ± 0.27

Mean changes in IPSS scores for Cardura XL and placebo in Study 1 are summarized in Figure 2.



Mean changes in maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) for both Cardura XL and placebo in Study 1 are summarized in Figure 3.




How Supplied/Storage and Handling


Cardura XL (doxazosin mesylate extended release tablets) is available as 4 mg (white, imprinted with CXL 4) and 8 mg (white, imprinted with CXL 8) tablets.


Bottle of 30: 4 mg (NDC 0049-2710-30)


Bottle of 30: 8 mg (NDC 0049-2720-30)



Storage


Recommended Storage: Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15–30°C (59–86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].



Patient Counseling Information


See FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information)



Postural Hypotension


Patients should be told about the possible occurrence of symptoms related to postural hypotension, such as dizziness or syncope, when beginning therapy or when increasing dosage strength of Cardura XL. Patients should be cautioned about driving, operating machinery, or performing hazardous tasks during this period, until the drug's effect has been determined.



Tablet Administration


Patients should be informed that Cardura XL extended release tablets should be swallowed whole. Patients should not chew, divide, cut, or crush tablets.



Dosing Interval


Cardura XL should be taken each day with breakfast.



Tablet Elimination


Patients should not be concerned if they occasionally notice in their stool something that looks like a tablet. In the Cardura XL extended release tablet, the medication is contained within a nonabsorbable shell designed to release the drug at a controlled rate. When this process is completed, the empty tablet is eliminated from the body.




LAB-0326-3.0



PATIENT INFORMATION

CARDURA® XL (kar-DUR-a eks el)

(doxazosin mesylate)

Tablets


Read this Patient Information leaflet before you start taking Cardura XL and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or your treatment.


What is Cardura XL?


Cardura XL is a prescription medicine called an "alpha-blocker." Cardura XL is used to treat the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Cardura XL may help to relax the muscles in the prostate and the bladder which may lessen the symptoms of BPH and improve urine flow.


Before prescribing Cardura XL, your healthcare provider may examine your prostate gland and do a blood test called a prostate specific antigen (PSA) test to check for prostate cancer. Prostate cancer and BPH can cause the same symptoms. Prostate cancer needs a different treatment.


Some medicines called "alpha-blockers" are used to treat high blood pressure. Cardura XL is not for the treatment of high blood pressure.


It is not known if Cardura XL is safe and effective in children.


Who should not take Cardura XL?


Do not take Cardura XL if you are allergic to doxazosin, other medications called quinazolones, or any of the ingredients in Cardura XL. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in Cardura XL.


What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking Cardura XL?


Before you take Cardura XL, tell your healthcare provider if you:


  • have or have had low blood pressure, especially after taking another medicine. Signs of low blood pressure are fainting, dizziness, and lightheadedness.

  • plan to have cataract surgery

  • have stomach problems

  • have prostate cancer

  • have liver problems

  • have heart problems

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.


Cardura XL may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how Cardura XL works.


Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:


  • a medicine to treat an infection

  • a medicine to treat HIV

  • a medicine to treat depression

  • a medicine to treat erectile dysfunction (ED)

Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are not sure if your medicine is one of those listed above.


Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.


How should I take Cardura XL?


  • Take Cardura XL exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it.

  • Take Cardura XL 1 time each day with your breakfast.

  • Take Cardura XL tablets whole. Do not chew, divide, cut, or crush Cardura XL tablets before swallowing. If you cannot swallow Cardura XL tablets whole, tell your healthcare provider. You may need a different medicine.

  • Cardura XL tablets have an outside shell that helps to release the medicine inside over time. You may see the empty Cardura XL tablet in your stool (bowel movement). This is normal.

  • If you take too much CARDURA XL, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.

What should I avoid while taking Cardura XL?


Do not drive, operate machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how Cardura XL affects you. Cardura XL can cause dizziness, weakness, or fainting.


What are the possible side effects of Cardura XL?


Cardura XL may cause serious side effects including:


  • a sudden drop in blood pressure (postural hypotension). Postural hypotension can happen at any time while you take Cardura XL. The chance of having postural hypotension is higher a few hours after you take Cardura XL or if you start taking a higher dose.

    Symptoms of postural hypotension may happen after you stand up from a lying or sitting position and may include:
    • dizziness or

    • fainting or

    • feeling light-headed



    You should get up slowly from a chair or bed until you know how Cardura XL will affect you. If you begin to feel dizzy or lightheaded, sit or lie down with your legs and feet up. If your symptoms do not get better call your healthcare provider.

  • intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS). IFIS can happen during eye surgery to people who are taking or have taken alpha-blockers such as Cardura XL. If you have an eye surgery for a clouding of the eye (cataract) planned, tell your eye doctor that you are using Cardura XL or have taken an alpha-blocker before.

The most common side effects of Cardura XL include:


  • tiredness

  • headache

  • low blood pressure

  • dizziness

Call your healthcare provider if you get any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.


These are not all the possible side effects of Cardura XL. For more information ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.


Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


How should I store Cardura XL?


  • Store Cardura XL at 59°F to 86°F (15°C to 30°C).

Keep Cardura XL and all medicines out of reach of children.


General information about the safe and effective use of Cardura XL.


Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use Cardura XL for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Cardura XL to other people, even if they have the same symptoms you have. It may harm them.


This Patient Information leaflet summarizes the most important information about Cardura XL. If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about Cardura XL that is written for health professionals.


For more information, call 1-800-438-1985.


What are the ingredients in Cardura XL?


Active Ingredient: doxazosin mesylate


Inactive Ingredients: polyethylene oxide, sodium chloride, hypromellose, red ferric oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose acetate, Macrogol®, pharmaceutical glaze, and black iron oxide.



LAB-0425-1.0

July 2011



PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 4 mg Tablet Bottle Label


NDC 0049-2710-30


30 Tablets


Rx only


Cardura® XL

(doxazosin mesylate

extended release tablets)


4 mg*


Pfizer

Distributed by

Roerig

Division of Pfizer Inc, NY, NY 10017




PRINCIPAL DISPLAY P