Monday, 3 September 2012

Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets


Pronunciation: DEX-troe-meth-OR-fan/gwye-FEN-e-sin
Generic Name: Dextromethorphan/Guaifenesin
Brand Name: Examples include Guaifenex DM and Bidex-A


Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets are used for:

Temporarily relieving cough due to the common cold, upper respiratory tract infections, sinus inflammation, sore throat, or bronchitis.


Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets are a combination of an expectorant (guaifenesin) and a cough suppressant (dextromethorphan). It works by loosening mucus and lung secretions in the chest and making coughs more productive.


Do NOT use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets if:


  • you are allergic to any ingredient in Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets

  • you are taking or have taken a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (eg, selegiline) within the last 14 days

  • you are taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) (eg, fluoxetine)

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.



Before using Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets:


Some medical conditions may interact with Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets. Tell your health care provider if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:


  • if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding

  • if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement

  • if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances

  • if you have chronic cough, chronic bronchitis or any breathing problems, such as asthma, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

  • if you have been very ill or weakened, or you are confined to a bed or chair

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:


  • MAOIs (eg, selegiline) and SSRIs (eg, fluoxetine) because the risk of serious side effects may be increased by Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.


How to use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets:


Use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.


  • Take Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.

  • Swallow Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets whole. Do not break, crush, or chew before swallowing. Some brands of Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets may be broken in half before taking. If you have difficulty swallowing the whole tablet, ask your pharmacist if your brand of medicine may be broken in half.

  • Drinking extra fluids while you are taking Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets are recommended. Check with your doctor for instructions.

  • If you miss a dose of Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets and you are taking it regularly, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets.



Important safety information:


  • Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets may cause drowsiness or dizziness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.

  • Do not drink alcohol or use medicines that may cause drowsiness (eg, sleep aids, muscle relaxers) while you are using Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets without first checking with your doctor; it may add to their effects. Ask your pharmacist if you have questions about which medicines may cause drowsiness.

  • If your cough lasts for more than 1 week or comes back, or if you also have a fever, rash, or persistent headache, contact your health care provider. A persistent cough could be a sign of a serious condition.

  • Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets has dextromethorphan in it. Before you start any new medicine, check the label to see if it has dextromethorphan in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.

  • Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets may interfere with certain lab tests. Be sure your doctor and lab personnel know you are taking Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets.

  • Use Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects.

  • Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets should not be used in CHILDREN younger than 6 years old; safety and effectiveness in these children have not been confirmed.

  • PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets while you are pregnant. It is not known if Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets are found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets.


Possible side effects of Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets:


All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:



Dizziness; drowsiness; stomach upset.



Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue).



This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.


See also: Guaifenex DM side effects (in more detail)


If OVERDOSE is suspected:


Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include confusion; excitement; hallucinations; slowed breathing.


Proper storage of Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets:

Store Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets out of the reach of children and away from pets.


General information:


  • If you have any questions about Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

  • Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets are to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.

  • If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.

  • Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Guaifenex DM Extended-Release Tablets. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.



Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Guaifenex DM resources


  • Guaifenex DM Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Guaifenex DM Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Drug Images
  • Guaifenex DM Drug Interactions
  • Guaifenex DM Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Guaifenex DM - Add your own review/rating


Compare Guaifenex DM with other medications


  • Cough
  • Expectoration

Thursday, 30 August 2012

trientine


Generic Name: trientine (TRYE en teen)

Brand Names: Syprine


What is trientine?

Trientine is a chelating (KEE-late-ing) agent. A chelating agent is capable of removing a heavy metal, such as lead, mercury, or copper, from the blood.


Trientine is used to treat Wilson's disease in people who cannot take penicillamine (Cuprimine, Depen).


Wilson's disease is a genetic metabolic defect that causes excess copper to build up in the body.


Trientine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.


What is the most important information I should know about trientine?


Before using trientine, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, or if you have rheumatoid arthritis, a kidney or bladder condition called cystinuria, or a liver condition called biliary cirrhosis.


Take the trientine capsule with water. Do not take trientine with milk. Take trientine on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating a meal or snack or taking any other medicines. Do not chew or open a trientine capsule. Swallow the pill whole.

Do not use a capsule that has been accidentally broken. The medicine from a broken capsule can be dangerous if it gets on your skin. If skin contact occurs, rinse the area thoroughly with plain water. Watch for signs of skin irritation and call your doctor if you develop a rash.


You may need to take your temperature every night for at least the first month of treatment with trientine. Call your doctor if you have a fever.


What should I discuss with my health care provider before taking trientine?


You should not use this medication if you are allergic to trientine.

Before using trientine, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, or if you have:



  • rheumatoid arthritis;




  • a kidney or bladder condition called cystinuria; or




  • a liver condition called biliary cirrhosis.



If you have any of these conditions, you may need dose adjustments or special tests during treatment.


FDA pregnancy category C. This medication may be harmful to an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. It is not known whether trientine passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take trientine?


Take this medication exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.


Take the trientine capsule with water. Do not take trientine with milk. Take trientine on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after eating a meal or snack or taking any other medicines.

Trientine is usually taken 2 to 4 times each day. Follow your doctor's instructions.


Do not chew or open a trientine capsule. Swallow the pill whole.

Do not use a capsule that has been accidentally broken. The medicine from a broken capsule can be dangerous if it gets on your skin. If skin contact occurs, rinse the area thoroughly with plain water. Watch for signs of skin irritation and call your doctor if you develop a rash.


You may need to take your temperature every night for at least the first month of treatment with trientine. Call your doctor if you have a fever.


To be sure this medication is helping your condition, your blood will need to be tested often. Your iron levels will also be checked to make sure they don't get too low. Do not miss any scheduled appointments.


Store this medication in the refrigerator and do not allow it to freeze.

See also: Trientine dosage (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?


Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, wait until then to take the medicine and skip the missed dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.


What happens if I overdose?


A trientine overdose is not expected to produce life-threatening symptoms.


What should I avoid while taking trientine?


Avoid eating, drinking milk, or taking other medications within 1 hour before or after taking trientine.


Do not take any vitamins or mineral supplements unless your doctor tells you to. You may occasionally need to take an iron supplement, but follow your doctor's instructions.

Trientine side effects


Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

  • cough, trouble breathing;




  • pale skin, easy bruising or bleeding, weakness;




  • tired feeling, muscle or joint pain, swollen glands;




  • seizure (convulsions);




  • muscle weakness, dropping eyelids, double vision; or




  • problems with speech, balance, walking, lifting, chewing, or swallowing;



Less serious side effects include:



  • skin rash;




  • muscle spasm or contractions;




  • heartburn;




  • stomach pain;




  • loss of appetite; or




  • skin flaking, cracking, or thickening;



This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.


Trientine Dosing Information


Usual Adult Dose for Wilson's Disease:

Initial dose: 750 to 1250 mg orally per day, on an empty stomach, in 2 to 4 equally divided doses.

Maximum dose: 2000 mg orally per day.

Usual Pediatric Dose for Wilson's Disease:

Initial dose (age 12 or under): 500 to 750 mg orally, on an empty stomach, in 2 to 4 equally divided doses.

Maximum dose (age 12 or under): 1500 mg orally per day.


What other drugs will affect trientine?


There may be other drugs that can interact with trientine. Tell your doctor about all your prescription and over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.



More trientine resources


  • Trientine Side Effects (in more detail)
  • Trientine Dosage
  • Trientine Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
  • Trientine Drug Interactions
  • Trientine Support Group
  • 0 Reviews for Trientine - Add your own review/rating


  • trientine Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information

  • Trientine MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)

  • Syprine Prescribing Information (FDA)



Compare trientine with other medications


  • Wilson's Disease


Where can I get more information?


  • Your pharmacist can provide more information about trientine.

See also: trientine side effects (in more detail)


Tuesday, 28 August 2012

Dozic 5mg / 5ml Oral Solution





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Dozic 5mg/5ml Oral Solution



Serenace Liquid 1mg/1ml



Haloperidol Oral Solution BP 5mg/5ml


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



Haloperidol 5mg/5ml



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Oral Solution



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



Haloperidol is a neuroleptic butyrophenone drug with a wide range of actions and is indicated in the following conditions:



Adults



- Schizophrenia: treatment of symptoms and prevention of relapse.



- Other psychoses, especially paranoid.



- Mania and hypomania



- Mental or behavioural problems such as aggression, hyperactivity and self mutilation in the mentally retarded and in patients with organic brain damage.



- As an adjunct to short term management of moderate to severe psychomotor agitation, excitement, violent or dangerously impulsive behaviour.



- Intractable hiccup.



- Restlessness and agitation in the elderly.



- Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and severe tics.



- Nausea and vomiting.



Children



-Childhood behavioural disorders especially when associated with hyperactivity and aggression.



- Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



Dosage for all indications should be individually determined and is best initiated and titrated under close clinical supervision. To determine the initial dose, consideration should be given to the patients age, severity of symptoms and previous response to other neuroleptics.



Patients who are elderly or debilitated or those with previously reported adverse reactions to neuroleptic drugs may require less haloperidol. The normal starting dose should be halved, followed by a gradual titration to achieve optimal response.



For Oral Administration Only



Adults



Schizophrenia, psychoses, mania and hypomania, mental or behavioural problems, psychomotor agitation, excitement, violent or dangerously impulsive behaviour, organic brain damage.



Initial dose:



Moderate symptomatology 1.5 - 3.0mg b.d. or t.d.s.



Severe symptomatology/resistant patients 3.0 - 5.0mg b.d. or t.d.s.



Maintenance dosage: Once satisfactory control of symptoms has been achieved, dosage should be gradually reduced to the lowest effective maintenance dose, often as low as 5 or 10mg/day. Too rapid a dosage reduction should be avoided.



Restlessness or agitation in the elderly: Initial dose 1.5 - 3.0mg b.d or t.d.s titrated as required, to attain an effective maintenance dose (1.5 - 30mg daily).



Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, severe tics, intractable hiccup:



Starting dose 1.5mg t.d.s adjusted according to response. A daily maintenance dose of 10mg may be required in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.



The maximum daily dose for all treatment is 30mg.



Children



Childhood behavioural disorders/schizophrenia: Total daily maintenance dose of 0.025 - 0.05mg/Kg/day. Half the total dose should be given in the morning and the other half in the evening, up to a maximum of 10mg daily.



Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome: Oral maintenance doses of up to 10mg/day in most patients.



4.3 Contraindications



Comatose states; CNS depression; Parkinsons disease; known hypersensitivity to haloperidol or any of the products ingredients; lesions of the basal ganglia. Clinical significant cardiac disorders (e.g. recent acute myocardial infarction, uncomepensated heart failure, arrhythmias treated with class IA and III, antiarrhythmic medicinal products), QTc interval prolongation, history of ventricular arrhythmia or Torsades de pointes, uncorrected hypokalaemia and use of other QT prolonging drugs.



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



Please also refer to 'Drug Interactions' section. Caution is advised in patients with liver disease, renal failure, phaeochromocytoma, epilepsy and conditions pre-disposing to epilepsy (eg alcohol withdrawal and brain damage) or convulsions. Haloperidol should only be used with great caution in patients with disturbed thyroid function. Antipsychotic therapy in those patients must always be accompanied by adequate management of the underlying thyroid dysfunction.



Administer with care to patients with severe cardiovascular disorders, because of the possibility of transient hypotension. Should hypotension occur and a vasopressor be required, adrenaline should not be used since haloperidol may block its vasopressor activity and further lowering of the blood pressure may occur.



Cases of sudden and unexplained death have been reported in psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic drugs, including haloperidol. However, the limited nature of the available data makes it difficult to determine the contributory role, if any, of the drug. Ventricular arrhythmias have been reported rarely. In most instances, they were of questionable relationship to haloperidol treatments, they may occur more frequently with high doses and in pre-disposed patients.



The risk-benefit of haloperidol treatment should be fully assessed before treatment is commenced and patients with risk factors for ventricular arrhythmias such as cardiac disease, subarachnoid haemorrhage, metabolic abnormalities such as hypokalaemia, hypocalcaemia or hypomagnesaemia, starvation, alcohol abuse, or those receiving concomitant therapy with other drugs known to prolong the QT interval (see section 4.5), should be monitored carefully (ECGs and potassium levels), particularly during the initial phase of treatment, to obtain steady plasma levels. Haloperidol should be used in caution in patients known to be slow metabolisers of CYP2D6, and during the use of cytochrome P450 inhibitors.



Caution should be used in patients with cardiovascular disease or family history of QT prolongation and a baseline ECG should be carried out prior to treatment (See section 4.3). During therapy, the need for ECG monitoring should be assessed in an individual patient basis. Whilst on therapy, reduce the dose if QT interval is prolonged and discontinue if QTc is>500ms. Periodic electrolyte monitoring recommended and avoid concomitant neuroleptics.



Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with Dozic 5mg/5ml Oral Solution and preventive measures undertaken.



Acute withdrawal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and insomnia have very rarely been described after abrupt cessation of high doses of antipsychotic drugs. Relapse may also occur and gradual withdrawal is advisable.



In schizophrenia, the response to antipsychotic drug treatment may be delayed. If drugs are withdrawn, recurrence of symptoms may not become apparent for several weeks or months.



As with all antipsychotic agents, haloperidol should not be used alone where depression is predominant. It may be combined with antidepressants to treat those conditions in which depression and psychosis coexist. Haloperidol may impair the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants (clinical significance unknown). If concomitant anti-parkinson medication is required, it may have to be continued after haloperidol is discontinued to take account of any differences in excretion rates. The physician should keep in mind the possible anticholinergic effects associated with anti-parkinson agents.



An approximately 3-fold increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events have been seen in randomised placebo controlled clinical trials in the dementia population with some atypical antipsychotics. The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. Haloperidol should be used with caution in patients with risk factors for stroke.



Increased Mortality in Elderly people with Dementia



Data from two large observational studies showed that elderly people with dementia who are treated with antipsychotics are at a small increased risk of death compared with those who are not treated. There are insufficient data to give a firm estimate of the precise magnitude of the risk and the cause of the increased risk is not known.



Dozic 5mg/5ml Oral Solution is not licensed for the treatment of dementia-related behavioural disturbances.



Excipient Warnings



This product contains parahydroxybenzoates which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed)



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



In common with all neuroleptics, haloperidol can increase the central nervous system depression produced by other CNS - depressant drugs, including alcohol, hypnotics, sedatives or strong analgesics. An enhanced CNS effect, when combined with Methyldopa has been reported.



Haloperidol may antagonise the action of adrenaline and other sympathomimetic agents and reverses the blood pressure lowering effects of adrenergic blocking agents such as guanethidine.



The dosage of anticonvulsants may need to be increased to take account of the lowered seizure threshold.



Co-administration of enzyme-inducing drugs such as carbamazepine, phenobarbital and rifampicin with haloperidol may result in a significant reduction in haloperidol plasma levels. The haloperidol dose may therefore need to be increased according to the patient's response. After stopping such drugs it may be necessary to re-adjust the dose of haloperidol.



Haloperidol may impair the metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants (clinical significance unknown) and the anti-parkinson effects of levodopa.



Antagonism of the effect of phenindione has been reported.



Neurotoxic reactions during combined treatment with lithium and haloperidol have been reported, although there is no known mechanism for this effect. One report showing symptomless EEG abnormalities on the combination has suggested that EEG monitoring might be advisable. It is recommended that lithium levels should always be maintained below 1mmol/Lwhen combined with haloperidol. If unexplained pyrexia occurs in the presence of extrapyramidal side effects both lithium and haloperidol should be stopped immediately.



There is an increased risk of arrhythmias when haloperidol is used with drugs that prolong the QT interval (e.g. ClassIA and III antiarrhythmics, arsenic trioxide, halofantrine, thioridazine, pimozide, moxifloxacin, dolasetron mesilate, mefloquine, sertindole or cisapride), Drugs causing electrolyte imbalance. Concomitant use of haloperidol and amiodarone is not recommended.



Increased haloperidol levels have been reported in patients given haloperidol with fluoxetine, fluvoxetine, quinidine and buspirone.



Metabolic inhibitors of cytochrome P450 and specifically CYP2D6 may increase haloperidol levels.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



The safety of haloperidol in pregnancy has not been established. There is some evidence of harmful effects in some but not all animal studies.



Human experience suggests there may be teratogenic effects, although a causal relationship has not been established.



Haloperidol is excreted in breast milk. If the use of haloperidol is considered essential, breast feeding should be discontinued.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



Some degree of sedation or impairment of alertness may occur, particularly with higher doses and at the start of treatment, and may be potentiated by alcohol or other CNS depressants. Patients should be advised not to undertake activities requiring alertness such as driving or operating machinery during treatment, until their susceptibility is known.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



Central Nervous System: In common with all neuroleptics, extrapyramidal symptoms may occur. Acute dystonia may occur early in treatment. Parkinsonian rigidity, tremor and akathisia tend to appear less rapidly. Oculogyric crises and laryngeal dystonia have been reported. Anti-parkinson agents should not be prescribed routinely, but only be given as required, because of the possible risk of impairing the efficacy of Haloperidol Oral Solution.



Tardive dyskinesia may occur during administration, particularly in patients over 50 years, or after withdrawal of neuroleptic drugs, including haloperidol and can be precipitated or aggravated by anti-parkinson drugs. The syndrome is unlikely to occur in the short term when low or moderate doses of haloperidol are used as recommended. However since its occurrence may be related to duration of treatment, as well as daily dose, Haloperidol Oral Solution should be given in the minimum effective dose for the minimum possible time, unless it is established that long term administration for the treatment of schizophrenia is required.



The potential seriousness and unpredictability of tardive dyskinesia, and the fact that it has occasionally been reported to occur when neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs have been prescribed for relatively short periods in low doses, means that the prescribing of such agents requires especially careful assessment of risk versus benefit. It has been reported that fine vermicular movements of the tongue may be an early sign of tardive dyskinesia and that the full syndrome may not develop if the medication is stopped at that time.



The following effects have been reported rarely: confusional states or epileptic fits, depression, sedation, agitation, drowsiness, insomnia, headache, vertigo and apparent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms.



In common with other antipsychotic drugs, haloperidol has been associated with rare cases of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), an idiosyncratic response characterised by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness, coma and elevated CPK. Signs of autonomic dysfunction such as tachycardia, labile arterial pressure and sweating may precede the onset of hyperthermia, acting as early warning signs. Antipsychotic treatment should be withdrawn immediately and appropriate supportive therapy and careful monitoring instituted. Haloperidol, even in low dosage in susceptible (especially non-psychotic) individuals, may cause unpleasant subjective feelings of being mentally dulled or slowed down, dizziness, headache or paradoxical effects of excitement, agitation or insomnia.



Gastrointestinal system: Gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea, loss of appetite, constipation and dyspepsia have been reported.



Endocrinological System: Hormonal effects of antipsychotic neuroleptic drugs include hyperprolactinaemia, which may cause galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia and oligo or amenorrhoea.



Hypoglycaemia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion have been reported rarely.



Impairment of sexual function including erection and ejaculation has also been occasionally reported.



Cardiovascular System: Tachycardia and dose related hypotension are uncommon, but can occur, particularly in the elderly, who are more susceptible to the sedative and hypotensive effects. Less commonly hypertension has also been reported. ECG changes have been reported, including prolongation of the Q-T interval, ventricular arrhythmias – VF, VT (rare) and Torsades de pointes. Sudden unexplained death and cardiac arrest have been reported.



Autonomic nervous system: Dry mouth as well as excessive salivation, blurred vision, urinary retention and hyperhidrosis have been reported.



Dermatological system: The following effects have been reported rarely: oedema, various skin rashes and reactions including urticaria, exfoliative dermatitis and erythema multiforme. Photosensitive skin reactions have been reported very rarely.



Other adverse reactions: The following effects have been reported rarely: jaundice, cholestatic hepatitis or transient abnormalities of liver function in the absence of jaundice, weight changes may occur.



The following have been reported very rarely: blood dyscrasias, including agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and transient leucopenia, hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis.



Cases of venous thromboembolism, including cases of pulmonary embolism and cases of deep vein thrombosis have been reported with antipsychotic drugs – Frequency unknown



4.9 Overdose



Symptoms: In general, the manifestations of haloperidol overdosage are an extension of its pharmacological actions, the most prominent of which would be severe extrapyramidal symptoms, hypotension and psychic indifference with a transition to sleep. The risk of cardiac arrhythmias should be considered. The patient may appear comatose with respiratory depression and hypotension which could be severe enough to produce a shock-like state. Paradoxically hypertension rather than hypotension may occur. Convulsions may also occur.



Treatment: There is no specific antidote to haloperidol. A patent airway should be established and maintained with mechanically assisted ventilation if necessary. In view of isolated reports of arrhythmia ECG monitoring is strongly advised. Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated by plasma volume expansion and other appropriate measures. Adrenaline should not be used. The patient should be monitored carefully for 24 hours or longer, body temperature and adequate fluid intake should be maintained. In cases of severe extrapyramidal symptoms, appropriate anti-parkinson medication should be administered.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



Haloperidol is a neuroleptic of the butyrophenone class. The mechanism of the therapeutic effect is not clearly established, haloperidol is known to produce a selective effect on the CNS by competitive blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors and an increased turnover of brain dopamine.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Haloperidol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolised in the liver and is excreted in the urine and faeces: there is evidence of enterohepatic recirculation. Haloperidol is very extensively bound to plasma proteins. It is widely distributed in the body and crosses the blood brain barrier.



There is wide interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of haloperidol and it is metabolised by the pathway of oxidative N-dealkylation and it has been reported to have a plasma half-life ranging from 13 to nearly 40 hours; its plasma half-life is prolonged during the night.



Steady state serum levels were usually achieved within 6 days on a fixed oral dosage.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



There is no further information not included on other sections of this Summary of Product Characteristics.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Propylene glycol, methyl hydroxybenzoate, propyl hydroxybenzoate, lactic acid and purified water



6.2 Incompatibilities



None known.



6.3 Shelf Life



36 Months



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



Store below 25°C, protected from light.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
















Bottle:




Amber (Type III) glass




Closure:




a) Aluminium, EPE wadded, roll-on pilfer-proof screw cap




 




b) HDPE, EPE wadded, tamper evident screw cap




 




c) HDPE, EPE wadded, tamper evident, child resistant closure.




Dropper closure, opaque plastic pipette, 28mm polypropylene cap and rubber bulb. For 100ml bottle only.


 


Pack:




100ml, 200ml and 500ml



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



Not Applicable



Administrative Data


7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Rosemont Pharmaceuticals Ltd



Rosemont House



Yorkdale Industrial Park



Braithwaite Street



Leeds



LS11 9XE



UK



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



PL 0427/0069



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



Date of First Authorisation: 21.02.84



Date of Renewal: 15.12.95



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



27/01/2010




Sunday, 26 August 2012

Azithromycin 500mg Tablets (Sandoz Limited)





1. Name Of The Medicinal Product



Azithromycin 500 mg Tablets


2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition



500 mg film-coated tablets:



1 film-coated tablet contains azithromycin monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg azithromycin



Excipient:



Soya lecithin (see section 4.4.)



For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1



3. Pharmaceutical Form



Film-coated tablet



500 mg film-coated tablets: white to off-white, oblong, film-coated, deep score line on one side and scoreline on other side. The tablet can be divided into equal halves



4. Clinical Particulars



4.1 Therapeutic Indications



Azithromycin tablets can be applied in situations where micro-organisms sensitive to azithromycin have caused (see section 5.1):



− upper respiratory tract infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis



− acute otitis media



− lower respiratory tract infections: acute bronchitis and mild to moderately severe community acquired pneumonia



− skin and soft tissue infections



− uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis and cervicitis



Considerations should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.



4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration



Azithromycin tablets should be given as a single daily dose. The tablets may be taken with food.



Adults



In uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis and cervicitis the dosage is 1000 mg as a single oral dose.



For all other indications the dose is 1500 mg, to be administered as 500 mg per day for three consecutive days. As an alternative the same total dose (1500 mg) can also be administered over a period of five days with 500 mg on the first day and 250 mg on the second to the fifth day.



Elderly patients



The same dose range as in younger patients may be used in the elderly.



Children



Azithromycin tablets should only be administered to children weighing more than 45 kg when normal adult dose should be used. For children under 45 kg other pharmaceutical forms of azithromycine, e.g. suspensions, may be used.



In patients with renal impairment: No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (GFR 10-80 ml/min) (see section 4.4).



In patients with hepatic impairment: A dose adjustment is not necessary for patients with mild to moderately impaired liver function (see section 4.4).



4.3 Contraindications



The use of azithromycin is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to azithromycin, erythromycin, any macrolide or ketolide antibiotic, or to any of the excipients (see section 4.4 and 6.1).



4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use



As with erythromycin and other macrolides, rare serious allergic reactions including angioneurotic oedema and anaphylaxis (rarely fatal), have been reported. Some of these reactions with azithromycin have resulted in recurrent symptoms and required a longer period of observation and treatment.



Azithromycin tablets contains soya lecithin which might be a source of soya protein and should therefore not be taken in patients allergic to soya or peanut due to the risk of hypersensitivity reactions.



Since liver is the principal route of elimination for azithromycin, the use of azithromycin should be undertaken with caution in patients with significant hepatic disease. Cases of fulminant hepatitis potentially leading to life-threatening liver failure have been reported with azithromycin (see section 4.8). Liver function tests/investigations should be performed in cases where signs and symptoms of liver dysfunction occur such as rapid developing asthenia associated with jaundice, dark urine, bleeding tendency or hepatic encephalopathy.



In patients receiving ergotamine derivatives, ergotism has been precipitated by coadministration of some macrolide antibiotics. There are no data concerning the possibility of an interaction between ergotamine derivatives and azithromycin. However, because of the theoretical possibility of ergotism, azithromycin and ergot derivatives should not be co-administered (see section 4.5).



Prolonged cardiac repolarisation and QT interval, imparting a risk of developing cardiac arrhythmia and torsades de pointes, have been seen in treatment with other macrolides. A similar effect with azithromycin cannot be completely ruled out in patients at increased risk for prolonged cardiac repolarisation (see section 4.8). Therefore caution is required when treating patients:



- With congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation.



- Currently receiving treatment with other active substances known to prolong QT interval such as antiarrhythmics of classes IA and III, cisapride and terfenadine.



- With electrolyte disturbance, particularly in cases of hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia



- With clinically relevant bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmia or severe cardiac insufficiency.



Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (CDAD) has been reported with the use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including azithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.



C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhoea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antimicrobial agents. In case of CDAD anti-peristaltics are contraindicated.



Exacerbations of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis and new onset of myasthenia syndrome have been reported in patients receiving azithromycin therapy (see section 4.8).



Safety and efficacy for the prevention or treatment of MAC in children have not been established.



The following should be considered before prescribing azithromycin:



Azithromycin tablets are not suitable for treatment of severe infections where a high concentration of the antibiotic in the blood is rapidly needed.



In areas with a high incidence of erythromycin A resistance, it is especially important to take into consideration the evolution of the pattern of susceptibility to azithromycin and other antibiotics.



As for other macrolides, high resistance rates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (> 30 %) have been reported for azithromycin in some European countries (see section 5.1). This should be taken into account when treating infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.



Pharyngitis/ tonsilitis



Azithromycin is not the substance of first choice for the treatment of pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. For this and for the prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever penicillin is the treatment of first choice.



Sinusitis



Often, azithromycin is not the substance of first choice for the treatment of sinusitis.



Acute otitis media



Often, azithromycin is not the substance of first choice for the treatment of acute otitis media.



Skin and soft tissue infections



The main causative agent of soft tissue infections, Staphylococcus aureus, is frequently resistant to azithromycin. Therefore, susceptibility testing is considered a precondition for treatment of soft tissue infections with azithromycin.



Infected burn wounds



Azithromycin is not indicated for the treatment of infected burn wounds.



Sexually transmitted disease



In case of sexually transmitted diseases a concomitant infection by T. palladium should be excluded.



Neurological or psychiatric diseases



Azithromycin should be used with caution in patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders.



As with any antibiotic preparation, observation for signs of superinfection with non-susceptible organisms, including fungi is recommended.



In patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 10 ml/min) a 33% increase in systemic exposure to azithromycin was observed (see section 5.2).



4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction



Effects of other medicinal products on azithromycin:



Antacids



In a pharmacokinetic study investigating the effects of simultaneous administration of antacids and azithromycin, no effect on the total bio-availability was seen, although the peak serum concentrations were reduced by approximately 25%. Azithromycin must be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after the antacids.



Fluconazole



Coadministration of a single dose of 1200 mg azithromycin did not alter the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of 800 mg fluconazole. Total exposure and half-life of azithromycin were unchanged by the coadministration of fluconazole, however, a clinically insignificant decrease in Cmax (18%) of azithromycin was observed.



Nelfinavir



Coadministration of azithromycin (1200 mg) and nelfinavir at steady state (750 mg three times daily) resulted in increased azithromycin concentrations. No clinically significant adverse effects were observed and no dose adjustment is required.



Rifabutin



Coadministration of azithromycin and rifabutin did not affect the serum concentrations of either drug.



Neutropenia was observed in subjects receiving concomitant treatment of azithromycin and rifabutin. Although neutropenia has been associated with the use of rifabutin, a causal relationship to combination with azithromycin has not been established (see section 4.8).



Terfenadine



Pharmacokinetic studies have reported no evidence of an interaction between azithromycin and terfenadine. There have been rare cases reported where the possibility of such an interaction could not be entirely excluded; however there was no specific evidence that such an interaction had occurred.



Cimetidine



In a pharmacokinetic study investigating the effects of a single dose of cimetidine, given 2 hours before azithromycin, on the pharmacokinetics of azithromycin, no alteration of azithromycin pharmacokinetics was seen.



Effect of azithromycin on other medicinal products:



Ergotamine derivatives



Due to the theoretical possibility of ergotism, the concurrent use of azithromycin with ergot derivatives is not recommended (see section 4.4).



Digoxin



It is known that some macrolide antibiotics limit the metabolism of digoxin (in the gut). In patients treated concomitantly with azithromycin and digoxin the possibility of increased digoxin levels should be borne in mind, and digoxin levels monitored.



Coumarin-Type Oral Anticoagulants



In a pharmacokinetic interaction study, azithromycin did not alter the anticoagulant effect of a single 15-mg dose of warfarin administered to healthy volunteers. There have been reports received in the post-marketing period of potentiated anticoagulation subsequent to coadministration of azithromycin and coumarin-type oral anticoagulants. Although a causal relationship has not been established, consideration should be given to the frequency of monitoring prothrombin time when azithromycin is used in patients receiving coumarin-type oral anticoagulants.



Cyclosporin



In a pharmacokinetic study with healthy volunteers that were administered a 500 mg/day oral dose of azithromycin for 3 days and were then administered a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of cyclosporin, the resulting cyclosporin Cmax and AUC0-5 were found to be significantly elevated. Consequently, caution should be exercised before considering concurrent administration of these drugs. If coadministration of these drugs is necessary, cyclosporin levels should be monitored and the dose adjusted accordingly.



Theophylline



There is no evidence of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction when azithromycin and theophylline are co-administered to healthy volunteers. As interactions of other macrolides with theophylline have been reported, alertness to signs that indicate a rise in theoophylline levels is advised.



Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole



Coadministration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole DS (160 mg/800 mg) for 7 days with azithromycin 1200 mg on Day 7 had no significant effect on peak concentrations total exposure or urinary excretion of either trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole. Azithromycin serum concentrations were similar to those seen in other studies.



Zidovudine



Single 1000 mg doses and multiple 1200 mg or 600 mg doses of azithromycin had little effect on the plasma pharmacokinetics or urinary excretion of zidovudine or its glucuronide metabolite. However, administration of azithromycin increased the concentrations of phosphorylated zidovudine, the clinically active metabolite, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear, but it may be of benefit to patients.



Azithromycin does not interact significantly with the hepatic cytochrome P450 system. It is not believed to undergo the pharmacokinetic drug interactions as seen with erythromycin and other macrolides. Hepatic cytochrome P450 induction or inactivation via cytochrome-metabolite complex does not occur with azithromycin.



Astemizole, alfentanil



There are no known data on interactions with astemizole or alfentanil. Caution is advised in the co-administration of these medicines with azithromycin because of the known enhancing effect of these medicines when used concurrently with the macrolid antibiotic erythromycin.



Atorvastatin



Coadministration of atorvastatin (10 mg daily) and azithromycin (500 mg daily) did not alter the plasma concentrations of atorvastatin (based on a HMG CoA-reductase inhibition assay).



Carbamazepine



In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers, no significant effect was observed on the plasma levels of carbamazepine or its active metabolite in patients receiving concomitant azithromycin.



Cisapride



Cisapride is metabolized in the liver by the enzyme CYP 3A4. Because macrolides inhibit this enzyme, concomitant administration of cisapride may cause the increase of QT interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias and torsades de pointes.



Cetirizine



In healthy volunteers, coadministration of a 5-day regimen of azithromycin with cetirizine 20 mg at steady-state resulted in no pharmacokinetic interaction and no significant changes in the QT interval.



Didanosins (Dideoxyinosine)



Coadministration of 1200 mg/day azithromycin with 400 mg/day didanosine in 6 HIV-positive subjects did not appear to affect the steady-state pharmacokinetics of didanosine as compared with placebo.



Efavirenz



Coadministration of a 600 mg single dose of azithromycin and 400 mg efavirenz daily for 7 days did not result in any clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions.



Indinavir



Coadministration of a single dose of 1200 mg azithromycin had no statistically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir administered as 800 mg three times daily for 5 days.



Methylprednisolone



In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers, azithromycin had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone.



Midazolam



In healthy volunteers, coadministration of azithromycin 500 mg/day for 3 days did not cause clinically significant changes in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single 15 mg dose of midazolam.



Sildenafil



In normal healthy male volunteers, there was no evidence of an effect of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 3 days) on the AUC and Cmax of sildenafil or its major circulating metabolite.



Triazolam



In 14 healthy volunteers, coadministration of azithromycin 500 mg on Day 1 and 250 mg on Day 2 with 0.125 mg triazolam on Day 2 had no significant effect on any of the pharmacokinetic variables for triazolam compared to triazolam and placebo.



4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation



There are no adequate data from the use of Azithromycin tablets in pregnant women. In reproduction toxicity studies in animals azithromycin was shown to pass the placenta, but no teratogenic effects were observed (see section 5.3). The safety of azithromycin has not been confirmed with regard to the use of the active substance during pregnancy. Therefore Azithromycin tablets should only be used during pregnancy if definitely indicated.



Azithromycin passes into breast milk. Because it is not known whether azithromycin may have adverse effects on the breast-fed infant, nursing should be discontinued during treatment with Azithromycin tablets. Among other things diarrhoea, fungus infection of the mucous membrane as well as sensitisation is possible in the nursed infant. It is recommended to discard the milk during treatment and up until 2 days after discontinuation of treatment. Nursing may be resumed thereafter.



4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines



There is no evidence to suggest that azithromycin may have an effect: on a patient's ability to drive or operate machinery.



4.8 Undesirable Effects



The table below lists the adverse reactions identified through clinical experience and post-marketing surveillance by system organ class and frequency. Adverse reactions identified from post-marketing experience are included in italics. The frequency grouping is defined using the following convention: Very common (



Adverse reactions possibly or probably related to azithromycin based on clinical trial experience and post-marketing surveillance.


































































































































System Organ Class




Frequency




Adverse reaction




Infections and infestations




Uncommon




Candidiasis, oral candidiasis, vaginal infection




Not known




Pseudomembranous colitis (see section 4.4)


 


Blood and lymphatic system disorders




Common




Lymphocyte count decreased, eosinophil count increased




Uncommon




Leukopenia, neutropenia


 


Rare




Thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia


 

 


 


 


Immune system disorders




Uncommon




Angioedema, hypersensitivity




Not known




Anaphylactic reaction (see section 4.4)


 


Metabolism and nutrition disorders




Common




Anorexia




Psychiatric disorders




Uncommon




Nervousness




Rare




Agitation, depersonalisation


 


Not known




Aggression, anxiety


 


Nervous system disorders




Common




Dizziness, headache, paraesthesia, dysgeusia




Uncommon




Hypoaesthesia, somnolence, insomnia


 


Not known




Syncope, convulsion, psychomotor hyperactivity, anosmia, ageusia, parosmia, Myasthenia gravis (see section 4.4).


 


Eye disorders




Common




Visual impairment




Ear and labyrinth disorders




Common




Deafness




Uncommon




Hearing impaired, tinnitus


 


Rare




Vertigo


 

 


 


 


Cardiac disorders




Uncommon




Palpitations




Not known




Torsades de pointes (see section 4.4), arrhythmia (see section 4.4) including ventricular tachycardia, electrocardiogram QT prolonged (see section 4.4)


 


Vascular disorders




Not known




Hypotension




Gastrointestinal disorders




Very common




Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence




Common




Vomiting, dyspepsia


 


Uncommon




Gastritis, constipation


 


Not known




Pancreatitis, tongue discolouration


 


Hepatobiliary disorders




Uncommon




Hepatitis, aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, blood bilirubine increased




Rare




Hepatic function abnormal


 


Not known




Hepatic failure (see section 4.4)*, hepatitis fulminant, hepatic necrosis, jaundice cholestatic


 


Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders




Common




Rash, pruritus




Uncommon




Steven-Johnson syndrome, photosensitivity reaction, urticaria


 


Not known




Toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme


 


Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders




Common




Arthralgia




Renal and urinary disorders




Uncommon




Blood urea increased




Rare




Renal failure acute, nephritis interstitial


 


General disorders and administration site conditions




Common




Fatigue




Uncommon




Chest pain, oedema, malaise, asthenia


 


Investigations




Common




Blood bicarbonate decreased




Uncommon




Blood potassium abnormal


 

 

 
 


* which has rarely resulted in death



4.9 Overdose



Adverse events experienced in higher than recommended doses were similar to those seen at normal doses. In the event of overdosage genaral symptomatic and general supportive measures are indicated as required.



5. Pharmacological Properties



5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties



General properties



Pharmacotherapeutic group: antibacterials for systemic use; macrolids; azithromycin, ATC code: J01FA10



Mode of action:



Azithromycin is an azalide, a sub-class of the macrolid antibiotics. By binding to the 50S-ribosomal sub-unit, azithromycin avoids the translocation of peptide chains from one side of the ribosome to the other. As a consequence of this, RNA-dependent protein synthesis in sensitive organisms is prevented.



PK/PD relationship



For azithromycin the AUC/MIC is the major PK/PD parameter correlating best with the efficacy of azithromycin.



Mechanism of resistance:



Resistance to azithromycin may be inherent or acquired. There are three main mechanisms of resistance in bacteria: target site alteration, alteration in antibiotic transport and modification of the antibiotic.



Complete cross resistance exists among Streptococcus pneumoniae, betahaemolytic streptococcus of group A, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) to erythromycin, azithromycin, other macrolides and lincosamides.



Breakpoints



EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing)

























Pathogens




susceptible (mg/l)




resistant (mg/l)




Staphylococcus spp.







> 2




Streptococcus spp. (Gruppen A, B, C, G)







> 0.5




Streptococcus pneumoniae







> 0.5




Haemophilus influenzae







> 4




Moraxella catarrhalis







> 0.5




Neisseria gonorrhoeae







> 0.5



Susceptibility:



The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.



Pathogens for which resistance may be a problem: prevalence of resistance is equal to or greater than 10% in at least one country in the European Union.



Table of susceptibility





























Commonly susceptible species




Aerobic Gram-negative microorganisms




Haemophilus influenzae*




Moraxella catarrhalis*



 


Other microorganisms




Chlamydophila pneumoniae




Chlamydia trachomatis




Legionella pneumophila




Mycobacterium avium




Mycoplasma pneumonia*




Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem




Aerobic Gram-positive microorganisms




Staphylococcus aureus *




Streptococcus agalactiae




Streptococcus pneumoniae*




Streptococcus pyogenes*




Other microorganisms




Ureaplasma urealyticum




Inherently resistant organisms




Staphylococcus aureus – methicillin resistant and erythromycin resistant strains




Streptococcus pneumoniae – penicillin resistant strains




 




Pseudomonas aeruginosa




Klebsiella spp.



* Clinical effectiveness is demonstrated by sensitive isolated organisms for approved clinical indications.



5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties



Absorption



After oral administration the bioavailability of azithromycin is approximately 37%. Peak plasma levels are reached after 2-3 hours (Cmax after a single dose of 500 mg orally was approximately 0.4 mg/l).



Distribution



Kinetic studies have shown markedly higher azithromycin levels in tissue than in plasma (up to 50 times the maximum observed concentration in plasma) indicating that the active substance is heavily tissue bound (steady state distribution volume of approximately 31 l/kg). Concentrations in target tissues such as lung, tonsil, and prostate exceed the MIC90 for likely pathogens after a single dose of 500 mg.



In experimental in vitro and in vivo studies azithromycin accumulates in the phagocytes, freeing is stimulated by active phagocytosis. In animal studies this process appeared to contribute to the accumulation of azithromycin in the tissue.



In serum the protein binding of azithromycin is variable and depending on the serum concentration varies from 50% in 0.05 mg/l to 12% in 0.5 mg/l.



Excretion



Plasma terminal elimination half-life closely reflects the tissue depletion half-life of 2 to 4 days. About 12% of an intravenously administered dose is excreted in the urine unchanged over a period of 3 days; the majority in the first 24 hours. Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly in unchangedform, is a major route of elimination.



The identified metabolites (formed by N- and O- demethylising, by hydroxylising of the desosamine and aglycone rings, and by the splitting of the cladinose conjugate) are microbiologically inactive.



After a 5 day treatment slightly higher (29%) AUC values were seen in the elderly volunteers (>65 years of age) compared to the younger volunteers (< 45 years of age). However these differences are not regarded as clinically relevant; therefore a dose adjustment is not recommended.



Pharmacokinetics in special populations



Renal insufficiency



Following a single oral dose of azithromycin 1 g, mean Cmax and AUC0-120 increased by 5.1% and 4.2% respectively, in subjects with mild to moderate renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate of 10-80 ml/min) compared with normal renal function (GFR> 80 ml/min). In subjects with severe renal impairment, the mean Cmax and AUC0-120 increased 61% and 33% respectively compared to normal.



Hepatic insufficiency



In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, there is no evidence of a marked change in serum pharmacokinetics of azithromycin compared to normal hepatic function. In these patients, urinary recovery of azithromycin appears to increase perhaps to compensate for reduced hepatic clearance.



Elderly



The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in elderly men was similar to that of young adults; however, in elderly women, although higher peak concentrations (increased by 30-50%) were observed, no significant accumulation occurred.



Infants, toddlers, children and adolescents



Pharmacokinetics have been studied in children aged 4 months – 15 years taking capsules, granules or suspension.. At 10 mg/kg on day 1 followed by 5 mg/kg on days 2-5, the Cmax achieved is slightly lower than adults with 224 ug/l in children aged 0.6-5 years and after 3 days dosing and 383 ug/l in those aged 6-15 years. The t1/2 of 36 h in the older children was within the expected range for adults.



5.3 Preclinical Safety Data



In high-dose animal studies, giving active substance concentrations 40 fold higher than those expected in clinical practice, azithromycin has been noted to cause reversible phospholipidosis, generally without discernible toxicological consequences. There is no evidence that this is of relevance to the normal use of azithromycin in humans.



Carcinogenic potential:



Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential.



Mutagenic potential:



Azithromycin has shown no mutagenic potential in standard laboratory tests: mouse lymphoma assay, human lymphocyte clastogenic assay, and mouse bone marrow clastogenic assay.



Reproductive toxicity:



No teratogenic effects were observed in animal studies of embryotoxicity in mice and rats. In rats, azithromycin dosages of 100 and 200 mg/kg bodyweight/day led to mild retardations in foetal ossification and in maternal weight gain. In peri-/postnatal studies in rats, mild retardations following treatment with 50 mg/kg/day azithromycin and above were observed.



6. Pharmaceutical Particulars



6.1 List Of Excipients



Core:



Microcrystalline cellulose



Pregelatinised maize starch



Sodium starch glycolate Type A



Colloidal anhydrous silica



Sodium laurilsulfate



Magnesium stearate



Coating:



Polyvinyl alcohol



Titanium dioxide (E 171)



Talc



Soya Lecithin



Xanthan Gum.



6.2 Incompatibilities



Not applicable.



6.3 Shelf Life



3 years



6.4 Special Precautions For Storage



This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.



6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container



PVC/PVdC/Aluminium blister



Pack sizes:



500 mg: 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 50, and 100 film-coated tablets



Not all pack sizes may be marketed.



6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling



No special requirements.



7. Marketing Authorisation Holder



Sandoz Ltd.,



Frimley Business Park,



Frimley,



Camberley,



Surrey, GU16 7SR,UK



8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)



04416/0668



9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation



01/09/2006



10. Date Of Revision Of The Text



09/08/2010